1. What is Normality Dilution?

The normality dilution equation (N₁V₁ = N₂V₂) is used to calculate the concentration or volume changes when diluting solutions. Normality (N) is a measure of concentration expressed as equivalents per liter (eq/L).

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the normality dilution equation:

Where:

• \( N_1 \) — Initial normality (eq/L)
• \( V_1 \) — Initial volume (L)
• \( N_2 \) — Final normality (eq/L)
• \( V_2 \) — Final volume (L)

Explanation: The equation shows that the product of normality and volume before dilution equals the product after dilution.

3. Importance of Normality Calculations

Details: Normality is particularly important in acid-base chemistry and redox reactions where the number of reactive species matters more than absolute concentration.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter any three known values and leave the fourth field empty (or set to 0) to calculate the unknown value. All inputs must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between molarity and normality?
A: Molarity is moles per liter, while normality is equivalents per liter. Normality accounts for reactive capacity in specific reactions.

Q2: When should I use normality instead of molarity?
A: Use normality for acid-base titrations (based on H⁺ or OH^- transfer) and redox reactions (based on electron transfer).

Q3: How do I convert between molarity and normality?
A: Normality = Molarity × n (where n is the number of equivalents per mole, which depends on the reaction).

Q4: Can I use this for serial dilutions?
A: Yes, you can chain calculations for multiple dilution steps.

Q5: What are common units for normality?
A: Typically expressed as eq/L or meq/L (milliequivalents per liter).