1. What is X-linked Inheritance?

X-linked inheritance refers to the pattern of inheritance carried by genes on the X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to express X-linked traits, while females can be carriers.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator generates a Punnett square for X-linked traits:

Where:

• \( X^A \) — Dominant allele
• \( X^a \) — Recessive allele
• \( Y \) — Y chromosome (no allele for X-linked traits)

Explanation: The calculator determines all possible combinations of parental gametes to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.

3. Understanding the Results

Details: Results show genotype combinations and phenotype probabilities. Note that actual offspring may vary from these statistical predictions.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Select the mother's genotype (homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive) and father's genotype (affected or unaffected male).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Why are males more affected by X-linked disorders?
A: Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele will cause the disorder. Females have two X chromosomes and would need two recessive alleles.

Q2: Can females be affected by X-linked disorders?
A: Yes, though less common. Females need two copies of the recessive allele (one from each parent) to be affected.

Q3: What are some examples of X-linked disorders?
A: Hemophilia, color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Fragile X syndrome are X-linked.

Q4: Why don't fathers pass X-linked traits to sons?
A: Fathers pass their Y chromosome to sons, not their X chromosome (which goes to daughters).

Q5: What is a carrier female?
A: A female with one normal and one affected allele who doesn't show symptoms but can pass the affected allele to offspring.