1. What is Serial Dilution?

Serial dilution is a stepwise dilution of a substance in solution, typically to reduce concentration by a constant factor at each step. It's widely used in microbiology, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry.

2. How Does the Calculation Work?

The calculator uses the serial dilution formula:

Where:

• \( C_n \) — Final concentration after n dilutions
• \( C_0 \) — Initial concentration
• \( DF \) — Dilution factor at each step
• \( n \) — Number of dilution steps

Example: Starting with 100 mg/mL, 10-fold dilution for 3 steps: 10 mg/mL → 1 mg/mL → 0.1 mg/mL

3. Importance of Serial Dilution

Details: Serial dilution is essential for creating standard curves, determining unknown concentrations, and preparing samples within detection limits of instruments.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter initial concentration in mg/mL, dilution factor (e.g., 2 for 1:2 dilution), and number of dilutions. All values must be positive numbers.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What's the difference between serial and parallel dilution?
A: Serial dilution uses the output of one dilution as input for the next, while parallel dilutions are made independently from the original stock.

Q2: How do I choose an appropriate dilution factor?
A: Choose based on your expected concentration range and the precision needed. Common factors are 2, 5, or 10.

Q3: What are common errors in serial dilution?
A: Inconsistent mixing, improper pipetting technique, and carryover contamination between steps.

Q4: When should I use serial dilution vs. direct dilution?
A: Use serial when you need very dilute solutions or a range of concentrations. Use direct when you need just one specific dilution.

Q5: How can I verify my dilution series?
A: Measure the concentration at one or more steps using appropriate analytical methods (spectrophotometry, HPLC, etc.).